How Young People in the Balkans See Their Future?

Growing up in Bulgaria, I often ask myself how young people across the Balkans see their future. Will they choose to develop personally and professionally in their own countries, or will they prefer to move West?

The Balkan Peninsula is home to some of the warmest and most hospitable people, with incredible nature, traditions, and cuisine. Yet, does this make people want to stay, or are there stronger factors pushing them to emigrate? As a young person about to graduate, I closely observe my peers. Many of them are heading toward higher education abroad. But why?

Economic Perspective

There is a prevailing narrative that studying at home won’t lead to as lucrative a job as one could get abroad. Whether due to the social environment or the level of teaching, more and more young people prefer foreign universities. Let’s examine the economic side of both options.

For instance, comparing education in Bulgaria and France: studying in Bulgaria can cost no more than €400 per semester for some programs. There are affordable, though often less attractive, dorm options for students from other cities. Job opportunities are limited, as part-time work is not very popular in the region, and students usually find positions as waiters, baristas, or shop assistants. On average, a single person in Sofia needs around 2,000 BGN (€1,000) for basic expenses such as rent, food, and utilities. Social support for students is uncommon, since university tuition is generally low, but living in the big cities remains expensive for a country with a minimum wage of €500.

In contrast, studying in a country like France offers many advantages. The education system is of a very high standard, with a three-year bachelor’s and two-year master’s programs. Universities account for students’ financial situations: public universities are affordable, and private ones provide scholarships for students from less privileged backgrounds. Housing support is also available, making city life manageable. Additionally, part-time work is widespread, allowing students to combine study with income.

Political and Social Attitudes

It is well known how the history of most Balkan countries compares to that of Western European nations. We have endured a difficult past, experiencing everything from growth and success to oppression under authoritarian regimes, both domestic and foreign. Although many countries have progressed, this history remains a part of us, affecting both material achievements and the collective psyche.

For example, Bulgarians, despite decades since our difficult past of subjugation and suppressed voices, often behave as if still afraid. The “mentality of the oppressed” remains a national challenge and a key obstacle to progress.

In contrast, developed countries that did not experience slavery, communism, or regimes restricting basic rights show a clear difference in mindset and behavior. Their citizens tend to be confident, assertive, and willing to speak up for their rights.

This attitude has allowed many nations to achieve the standards they enjoy today. In countries like Spain, Germany, and France, rights exist alongside laws, which citizens respect, shaping a model for governance and societal behavior. Political and social attitudes of a country’s citizens are therefore key factors young people consider when choosing where to build their future.

Intercultural and Global Perspective

Humans are inherently social beings, curious about new experiences, people, and knowledge. This curiosity has driven progress throughout history. Young people emigrating from the Balkans to developed countries exemplify society’s evolution, seeking better opportunities. Yet, we can hope for a future when the Balkans themselves become the “West” that so many aspire to.